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Freshwater algae show low-to-moderate susceptibility to TiO2 exposure, with more pronounced toxic effects in the presence of UV irradiation. It has also been shown that nano-sized TiO2 is significantly more toxic to algae Pseudokirchneriella sub-capitata than submicron-sized TiO2. Hund-Rinke and Simon  reported that UV irradiated 25 nm TiO2 NPs are more toxic to green freshwater algae Desmodesmus subspicatus than UV irradiated 50 nm particles, which is in agreement with Hartmann et al. UV irradiated TiO2 NPs also inactivated other algae species such as AnabaenaMicrocystisMelsoira and Chroococcus. It was demonstrated that smaller particles have a greater potential to penetrate the cell interior than submicron-sized particles and larger aggregates. Studies have shown that the amount of TiO2 adsorbed on algal cells can be up to 2.3 times their own weight.

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In conclusion, anatase titanium dioxide is a safe and effective food-grade additive that provides a range of functional benefits to food products. Its stability, inertness, and lack of adverse effects make it an ideal choice for use in a wide variety of food applications. While there are still some unanswered questions about the safety of TiO2, the available evidence suggests that it is safe for use in food products at current levels of consumption.

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One of the key benefits of using R-906 rutile TiO2 is its ability to improve the overall quality of printed materials. By providing excellent whiteness and opacity, R-906 enhances the visual appeal of printed products, making them more eye-catching and professional-looking. Additionally, the chemical stability of R-906 ensures that printed materials maintain their color and appearance even under harsh environmental conditions, such as high humidity and exposure to sunlight.

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